LA ARQUEOLOGICAS EN LA SELVA UN NUEVO HORIZONTE DE LA HISTORIA PERUANA
INTRODUCCIÓN
Es importante saber de los estudios que se realizan en la selva ya que es un sitio poco explorado por su dificil accesivilidad ademas del clima pero la arqueologia en esta zona esta dando muy buenos resultados mencionaremos algunos hallazgos que se realizaron pero el hallazgo mas importante que se realizo fue la fortaleza del kuelap se hablara de este sitio arqueologico en otro articulo por el momento hablaremos de las evidencias arqueologicas en la selva central y norte .
Entre los años 2007 y 2008 se realizaron los trabajos del Proyecto de Evaluación y Monitoreo Arqueológico del Lote petrolífero 107, realizado para la empresa Petrolífera Petroleum del Perú. El mencionado Proyecto abarcó una superficie de 1,267,560.90 hectáreas comprendidas en las regiones de Loreto, Ucayali, Huánuco y Pasco, extendiéndose sobre un total de cinco provincias y doce distritos a lo largo de las cuencas de los ríos Pisqui, Aguaytía, Sungaroyacu, Pichis, Palcazú y Pozuzo, todos territorios de las etnias ashaninka y yanesha. Durante los trabajos de evaluación y monitoreo, nuestro equipo de trabajo pudo registrar una serie de sitios arqueológicos así como un importante número de hallazgos entre los que destacan gran cantidad de instrumentos líticos, sobre todo hachas y pesas.
ANTECEDENTES ARQUEOLÓGICOS
Entre la información relevante sobre la arqueología del Lote 107, se cuentan diversas publicaciones generales acerca de las poblaciones aborígenes actuales en el área, que son de interés debido a que la mayor parte de los asentamientos prehispánicos y sitios arqueológicos pueden estar localizados en las áreas ocupadas por estas comunidades (Denevan 1979, Eakin et. al. 1980, Santos 2004, Tournon 1988, Uriarte 1976).
Desde el punto de vista arqueológico, existen publicaciones de carácter general sobre la arqueología de la selva peruana, referidas a zonas alrededor del Lote 107 (De Boer 1981 (1974), Gamonal 1981, Lennon, T. J., W. B. Church y M. Conejo G. 1989; Lozano 1982, Lumbreras 1981, Meggers 1981, 1983; Meggers y Evans 1961, Morales 1992, 1998, 2000, Myers 1981a, 1981b; Panaifo 1993, Ravines 1982, 1995, Rivas 2003, 2004). Entre ellas, destacan algunos trabajos acerca de la cronología de las ocupaciones prehispánicas (Lathrap 1963, 1970, 1981 (1973), Ravines 1982, 1995).
EVIDENCIAS ARQUEOLÓGICAS IDENTIFICADAS
SITIO ARQUEOLÓGICO 02 NUEVO EDÉN 1 - L41
Se ubica en el departamento de Loreto, provincia de Ucayali, distrito de Contamana, comunidad nativa Nuevo Edén.
SITIO ARQUEOLÓGICO 03 PUERTO BURRO – L 23
El sitio arqueológico 03 Puerto Burro L23 se ubica en el departamento de Ucayali, provincia y distrito de Padre Abad.
Estos hallazgos son muy importantes dado que la zona de estudio es parte del territorio de la etnia Yanesha, pueblo de la lengua arahuac. Los registros etnohistóricos y los trabajos realizados por Francisco Santos Granero (2004) informan sobre una cercana interacción entre esta etnia y el Imperio Inca, tanto de manera comercial como de una relación vertical o de servidumbre debido a que el hábitat de este pueblo proveía al Tawantinsuyo de tierras para el cultivo de la coca, frutos y sal, entre otros productos. Asimismo, posteriormente a la invasión hispánica, el territorio siguió siendo fuente de extracción de recursos.
Los franciscanos (misioneros de la zona en el siglo XVII) instruyeron a los nativos en el uso del metal, generando el abandono de las hachas de piedra por las de hierro y cobre; la construcción de "herrerías" autónomas y propiamente indígenas ocurriría posteriormente, luego de la colonia (Santos Granero 2004).
Cabe destacar que las herrerías no se limitaban a ejercer una función meramente económica sino también a estructurar sociopolíticamente al grupo Yanesha. Cada herrería era paralelamente un templo (siempre alejado del poblado), dirigido por un
"cornesha", personaje respetado que además de manejar la fragua centralizaba a la población dispersa mediante su trabajo y el don de ser puente entre el común
de la gente y las divinidades. El templo-herrería se transformaba también en oráculo de peregrinaje para yaneshas y otras etnias vecinas. Esta institución estuvo en funcionamiento hasta la década de 1940, cuando se produjo la completa introducción de colonos y el Estado a este territorio (Santos Granero 2004).
La importancia de los hallazgos de hachas metálicas radica en que constituyen el primer paso para ubicar posteriormente estos lugares de culto yanesha, los cuales constituyen el último eslabón de una cultura que ocupó la zona durante milenios. Entender las herrerías yaneshas supondría entender los asentamientos pre coloniales y la real función de la producción de hachas de piedra de manera masiva tanto por mano de obra local como por la introducción de los mitimaes incaicos.
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IN THE JUNGLE A NEW HORIZON OF THE PERUVIAN HISTORY
INTRODUCTION
It is important to studies carried out in the jungle as it is an unexplored site for their hard accesivilidad besides the weather but archeology in this area is working very well mention some findings that were made but the most important finding performed was the strength of Kuelap Archaeological site talk about this in another article by the time we will discuss the archaeological evidence in central and northern jungle.
Between 2007 and 2008 were carried out work on the Project Monitoring and Evaluation oil Archaeological Lot 107, prepared for the Petroleum Oil Company of Peru. The said project covers an area of 1,267,560.90 hectares within regions of Loreto, Ucayali, Huánuco and Pasco, extending over a total of five provinces and twelve districts along the river basins Pisqui, Aguaytía Sungaroyacu, Pichis Palcazú and Pozuzo, all ethnic territories Ashaninka and Yanesha. During the monitoring and evaluation work, our team was able to record a series of archaeological sites and finds a significant number among them large numbers of stone tools, especially axes and weights.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
Among the relevant information about the archeology of Block 107, include general publications about current Aboriginal people in the area, which are of interest because the majority of pre-Hispanic settlements and archaeological sites may be located in areas occupied by these communities (Denevan 1979, Eakin et al. al. 1980, Santos 2004, Tournon 1988, Uriarte 1976).
From the archaeological point of view, there are general publications on the archeology of the Peruvian jungle, referring to areas around Lot 107 (De Boer 1981 (1974), Gamonal 1981, Lennon, TJ, WB Church and Rabbit M. G. 1989, Lozano 1982, Lumbreras 1981, Meggers 1981, 1983, Meggers and Evans 1961, Morales 1992, 1998, 2000, Myers 1981a, 1981b; Panaifo 1993, Ravines 1982, 1995, Rivas 2003, 2004). These projects include some work on the chronology of Hispanic occupations (Lathrop 1963, 1970, 1981 (1973), Ravines 1982, 1995).
Archaeological Evidence Identified
02 NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE EDEN 1 - L41
Located in the department of Loreto, Ucayali province, district Contamana native New Eden community.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PUERTO DONKEY 03 - L 23
The archaeological site L23 03 Puerto Burro is located in the department of Ucayali province of Padre Abad district.
These findings are important because the study area is part of the territory of the Yanesha ethnicity, people of the Arawak language. Ethnohistorical records and the work of Francisco Santos Granero (2004) report a close interaction between this race and the Inca Empire, both commercially as a vertical or servitude because the habitat of these people provided the Tawantinsuyo land for the cultivation of coca, fruit and salt, among other products. Also, after the Spanish invasion, the territory remained a source of resource extraction.
The Franciscans (missionaries in the area in the seventeenth century) instructed the natives in the use of metal, causing the abandonment of the stone axes of iron and copper, the construction of "blacksmith" autonomous and indigenous properly occur later after the colony (Santos Granero 2004).
Note that the forges were not limited to exercise a merely economic but also socio-political structure Yanesha group. Every blacksmith was a temple in parallel (always away from the village), led by a
"Cornesha" well-respected character Forge centralized manage the dispersed population through their work and the gift of being a bridge between the common
people and the gods. The temple also became a blacksmith of pilgrimage for Yaneshas oracle and other neighboring ethnic groups. This institution was in operation until the 1940s, which saw the full introduction of settlers and the state in this territory (Santos Granero 2004).
The importance of metal axes findings is that they constitute the first step in locating these places of worship then yanesha, which constitute the last link in a culture that occupied the area for millennia. Understanding Yaneshas blacksmith would understand the pre-colonial settlements and the actual production function of stone axes massively labor both locally and by the introduction of the Inca mitimaes.
It is important to studies carried out in the jungle as it is an unexplored site for their hard accesivilidad besides the weather but archeology in this area is working very well mention some findings that were made but the most important finding performed was the strength of Kuelap Archaeological site talk about this in another article by the time we will discuss the archaeological evidence in central and northern jungle.
Between 2007 and 2008 were carried out work on the Project Monitoring and Evaluation oil Archaeological Lot 107, prepared for the Petroleum Oil Company of Peru. The said project covers an area of 1,267,560.90 hectares within regions of Loreto, Ucayali, Huánuco and Pasco, extending over a total of five provinces and twelve districts along the river basins Pisqui, Aguaytía Sungaroyacu, Pichis Palcazú and Pozuzo, all ethnic territories Ashaninka and Yanesha. During the monitoring and evaluation work, our team was able to record a series of archaeological sites and finds a significant number among them large numbers of stone tools, especially axes and weights.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
Among the relevant information about the archeology of Block 107, include general publications about current Aboriginal people in the area, which are of interest because the majority of pre-Hispanic settlements and archaeological sites may be located in areas occupied by these communities (Denevan 1979, Eakin et al. al. 1980, Santos 2004, Tournon 1988, Uriarte 1976).
From the archaeological point of view, there are general publications on the archeology of the Peruvian jungle, referring to areas around Lot 107 (De Boer 1981 (1974), Gamonal 1981, Lennon, TJ, WB Church and Rabbit M. G. 1989, Lozano 1982, Lumbreras 1981, Meggers 1981, 1983, Meggers and Evans 1961, Morales 1992, 1998, 2000, Myers 1981a, 1981b; Panaifo 1993, Ravines 1982, 1995, Rivas 2003, 2004). These projects include some work on the chronology of Hispanic occupations (Lathrop 1963, 1970, 1981 (1973), Ravines 1982, 1995).
Archaeological Evidence Identified
02 NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE EDEN 1 - L41
Located in the department of Loreto, Ucayali province, district Contamana native New Eden community.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PUERTO DONKEY 03 - L 23
The archaeological site L23 03 Puerto Burro is located in the department of Ucayali province of Padre Abad district.
These findings are important because the study area is part of the territory of the Yanesha ethnicity, people of the Arawak language. Ethnohistorical records and the work of Francisco Santos Granero (2004) report a close interaction between this race and the Inca Empire, both commercially as a vertical or servitude because the habitat of these people provided the Tawantinsuyo land for the cultivation of coca, fruit and salt, among other products. Also, after the Spanish invasion, the territory remained a source of resource extraction.
The Franciscans (missionaries in the area in the seventeenth century) instructed the natives in the use of metal, causing the abandonment of the stone axes of iron and copper, the construction of "blacksmith" autonomous and indigenous properly occur later after the colony (Santos Granero 2004).
Note that the forges were not limited to exercise a merely economic but also socio-political structure Yanesha group. Every blacksmith was a temple in parallel (always away from the village), led by a
"Cornesha" well-respected character Forge centralized manage the dispersed population through their work and the gift of being a bridge between the common
people and the gods. The temple also became a blacksmith of pilgrimage for Yaneshas oracle and other neighboring ethnic groups. This institution was in operation until the 1940s, which saw the full introduction of settlers and the state in this territory (Santos Granero 2004).
The importance of metal axes findings is that they constitute the first step in locating these places of worship then yanesha, which constitute the last link in a culture that occupied the area for millennia. Understanding Yaneshas blacksmith would understand the pre-colonial settlements and the actual production function of stone axes massively labor both locally and by the introduction of the Inca mitimaes.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
DE BOER, W.
1981 (1974) Longevidad cerámica e interpretación arqueológica, un ejemplo del Alto Ucayali
Revista Amazonia Peruana 4(7): 65-78. Lima.
DENEVAN, W.
1979 La población aborigen de la Amazonia.
Revista Amazonia Peruana 3(5): 3-42. Lima.
EAKIN, L; E. LAURIAULT y H. BOONSTRA
1980 Bosquejo etnográfico de los Shipibo–Conibo del Ucayali. Ignacio Prado Pastor, editor. Lima.
ESCUDERO VILLALTA, M.
2006 a Plan de monitoreo arqueológico para el área sujeta a adquisición sísmica en el Lote 103 (OXY). Manuscrito. Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
2006 b Informe final de monitoreo arqueológico. Proyecto de exploración sísmica de la estructura Pihuicho en el Lote 103 (OXY). Manuscrito. Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
fuente principal : http://www.ibcperu.org
